Christian C M A Donken 1, Hesham Al-Khateeb, Michael H J Verhofstad, Cornelis J H M van Laarhoven 2012. Surgical versus conservative interventions for treating ankle fractures in adults. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008470.pub2
Michelle L. Delco, John G. Kennedy, Lawrence J. Bonassar, Lisa A. Fortier 2016.: Post-traumatic osteoarthritis of the ankle: A distinct clinical entity requiring new research approaches. https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.23462
Associated chondral lesions have been described in 50% of patients with ankle fractures. Williamson FAO 2020
Syndesmosis tear 脛腓(韌帶)聯合 and instability is also commonly seen. The chief aetiology is a poorly reduced syndesmosis during the initial treatment of the fracture. APKASS Ling 2021.